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Kaszel (łac. tussis) – objaw z układu oddechowego?
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Wyszukaj w serwisie


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Kaszel (łac. tussis) – objaw z układu oddechowego?


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Kaszel jest fizjologicznym odruchem bezwarunkowym o charakterze obronnym, mającym na celu usunięcie drażniącego materiału (nadmiar wydzieliny, pyłów, gazów, ciał obcych) z układu oddechowego. Jako odruch bezwarunkowy charakteryzuje się przebiegiem bez udziału woli oraz świadomości zwierzęcia. Nie podlega zmianom oraz nie zanika. Odruch jest zapoczątkowany poprzez podrażnienie mechano- i/lub chemoreceptorów zlokalizowanych w górnych i dolnych drogach oddechowych. Podrażnienie receptorów kaszlu powoduje ich aktywację oraz przesłanie bodźca drogą aferentną nerwów błędnych do ośrodka kaszlu znajdującego się w rdzeniu przedłużonym mózgu. Następnie bodziec drogą eferentną biegnie z rdzenia przedłużonego do narządów wykonawczych, którymi są mięśnie wdechowe/wydechowe oraz krtań.

Można wyróżnić występujące po sobie etapy odruchu kaszlowego:

  1. szybki wdech,
  2. zamknięcie nagłośni w krtani,
  3. skurcz przepony i mięśni międzyżebrowych,
  4. otwarcie nagłośni i krtani,
  5. szybkie wypchnięcie powietrza z płuc przez drogi oddechowe (kaszel) (1).

Na podstawie umiejscowienia receptorów kaszlu można podzielić miejsca, z których pochodzi, na trzy główne obszary anatomiczne: górne drogi oddechowe, dolne drogi oddechowe oraz układ sercowo-naczyniowy.

Kaszel może być objawem pochodzącym z dróg oddechowych (górnych lub dolnych) lub z układu sercowo-naczyniowego. Do chorób górnych dróg oddechowych przebiegających z objawami kaszlu zalicza się między innymi choroby krtani, zapadanie się tchawicy i zakaźne zapalenie tchawicy. Powszechne choroby [...]

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Mogą zainteresować Cię również


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Wizytówka firmy


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Sklep


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