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Czynniki warunkujące powstawanie i rozprzestrzenianie się chorób zakaźnych - Vetkompleksowo – serwis dla lekarzy weterynarii
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Wyszukaj w serwisie


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Czynniki warunkujące powstawanie i rozprzestrzenianie się chorób zakaźnych


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Łańcuch epidemiologiczny

Warunkiem koniecznym do rozwoju choroby zakaźnej jest ciągłość łańcucha epidemiologicznego. Zarazki nie są w stanie wywołać choroby, o ile nie zostaną przeniesione odpowiednimi drogami na osobniki wrażliwe. Łańcuch epidemiologiczny tworzą więc, ogólnie rzecz ujmując, trzy składowe:

  1. źródło zakażenia (rezerwuar zarazka),
  2. drogi szerzenia się zakażenia,
  3. organizm wrażliwy.

Brak którejkolwiek z powyższych składowych (określanych również mianem czynników pierwszorzędowych) skutkuje niemożnością rozwoju choroby zakaźnej. Aby zapobiec rozwojowi choroby infekcyjnej, należy dążyć do likwidacji któregoś z ognisk łańcucha epidemiologicznego poprzez: izolację, leczenie lub likwidację zwierząt chorych (eliminowane jest źródło zakażenia), dezynfekcje, przestrzeganie zasad higieny (ogranicza się szerzenie zakażenia), stymulację odporności u zwierząt, np. poprzez szczepienia (zmniejsza się wrażliwość docelowej grupy zwierząt na dany czynnik zakaźny). Poniżej przedstawiona zostanie krótka charakterystyka każdego z ogniw łańcucha epidemiologicznego (1, 3, 5).

Rezerwuar

Mianem rezerwuaru – źródła zakażenia – określa się zespół ekologiczny, w którym krążą zarazki. W źródle zakażenia zarazki utrzymują się i namnażają. Rezerwuar mogą stanowić: chorzy ludzie i chore zwierzęta, nosiciele, zwłoki ludzkie i zwierzęce, a także zwierzęta poddane ubojowi. Przykładem rezerwuaru pałeczek dżumy są szczury. Sam patogen musi rozwinąć mechanizmy, które umożliwią mu rozprzestrzenienie się (w różny sposób) z rezerwuaru na inne zwierzę, dzięki czemu utrzymany będzie cykl zakażania. Rozsiew zarazka w organizmie żywiciela prowadzi do powstania skażonych wydzielin i wydalin stanowiących źródło infekcji. Istotne jest, że u siewców zakażenia nie w każdym przypadku obserwuje się rozwój objawów klinicznych. Osobniki zakażone latentnie czy z infekcjami subklinicznymi mogą stanowić rezerwuar zarazka i rozsiewać go w środowisku, nie zdradzając przy tym symptomów choroby (1, 3, 6).


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Mogą zainteresować Cię również


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Wizytówka firmy


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Sklep


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Poznaj nasze serwisy