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Grypa koni – najnowsze doniesienia w zakresie profilaktyki
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Wyszukaj w serwisie


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Grypa koni – najnowsze doniesienia w zakresie profilaktyki


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Grypa koni jest wysoko zaraźliwą chorobą układu oddechowego koni, powodującą wybuchy epidemii na całym świecie, oprócz kilku wysp (w tym Islandii i Nowej Zelandii). Każdy epizod masowych zachorowań powoduje ogromne straty ekonomiczne ze względu na błyskawiczne szerzenie się wirusa, szczególnie podczas imprez skupiających dużą liczbę koni w jednym miejscu (zawody, pokazy) czy przez transport koni.

Skutecznym sposobem zapobiegania zachorowaniom są szczepienia przeciwko wirusowi grypy koni, jednak różnice między szczepami wirusa krążącymi w danym środowisku a zawartymi w szczepionce zmniejszają ich skuteczność (3).

Charakterystyka wirusa

Wirus wywołujący grypę koni jest ortomyksowirusem A typu 2. Na swojej powierzchni posiada glikoproteiny: hemaglutyninę i neuramidazę, które wykorzystywane są do klasyfikacji wirusa H3N8. Wirusa grypy koni A typu 1 (H7N7) od wielu lat nie wyizolowano, dlatego uznaje się go za wymarły (6).

Od lat 80. ubiegłego wieku wirus grypy koni A typu 2 podzielił się na dwie linie, eurazjatycką i amerykańską, z których to ta druga jest odpowiedzialna za prawie wszystkie epidemie grypy koni z ostatnich lat. Dryf antygenowy (zmienność genetyczna) spowodował kolejny podział linii amerykańskiej wirusa na trzy kolejne linie: South America, Kentucky oraz Floryda. Ta ostatnia jest najczęściej izolowana w ostatnich latach w Ameryce Północnej i Europie. Kolejna ewolucja wirusa wyodrębniła dwie jego podlinie typu Floryda, znane jako Floryda klad 1 (dominujące w USA) i Floryda klad 2 (dominujące w Europie) (ryc. 1). Ze [...]

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Mogą zainteresować Cię również


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Wizytówka firmy


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Sklep


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